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Citation and Style Guides

Citing sources in APA, MLA, AMA, & Chicago Style

Basics of Citing in Chicago Style

Chicago style has two methods of citation: a notes-bibliography (NB) system, and an author-date (AD) system.

  • Notes-bibliography uses numbered footnotes, with a full bibliography at the end of the paper
  • Author-date uses parenthetical citations to refer to the author's last name and the date of publication.

Your instructor should be able to tell you which system they prefer.  When in doubt, notes-bibliography is more often used in the humanities (especially history and the arts).  Author-date tends to be used more by the social sciences and sciences.

Books on Chicago / Turabian Style

Notes-Bibliography Style

Books

Books in Chicago NB follow the format of

Note:

1. First name Last name, Book Title (Place: Publisher, Year), page number.

Bibliographical Entry:

Last name, First name. Book Title. Place: Publisher, Year.

 

Note:   1. Hilary Mantel, Wolf Hall (New York: Picador, 2009), 3.
Bibliography: Mantel, Hilary. Wolf Hall. New York: Picador, 2009.


Articles

Journal Articles

Journal articles in Chicago NB follow the format of

Note:

1. First name Last name, "Article Title," Journal Title Volume, no. Issue (Year): Page, DOI.

Bibliography:

Last name, First name. "Article Title." Journal Title Volume, no. Issue (Year): Page range, DOI.

Both print and electronic journals follow the same citation format.

 

Note: 1. Margaret Anne Doody, "George Eliot and the Eighteenth-Century Novel," Nineteenth-Century Fiction 35, no. 3 (1980): 260, https://doi.org/10.2307/3044863.
Bibliography: Doody, Margaret Anne. "George Eliot and the Eighteenth-Century Novel." Nineteenth-Century Fiction 35, no. 3 (1980): 260-291, https://doi.org/10.2307/3044863.

 

Newspaper Articles

Newspaper articles in Chicago NB follow the format

Note:

 1. First name Last name, "Article Title," Newspaper Title, Date, Database or URL.

Bibliography:

Newspaper articles aren't always included in a Chicago bibliography.  If your instructor requires you include them, use the format

Last name, First name.  "Article Title." Newspaper Title, Date, Database or URL.

 

Note: Blair Kerkhoff, "Johnson County Expects Big Impact from World Cup Games," Kansas City Star, June 27, 2025, Newsbank. 
Bibliography: Kerkhoff, Blair. "Johnson County Expects Big Impact from World Cup Games," Kansas City Star, June 27, 2025, Newsbank.

Author-Date Style

In-Text Citations

In-text citations in Chicago AD style require

  1. The last name of the author
  2. The year the work was published

These are combined in parentheses as (Lastname Year).  So, page 8 of a book by John Smith would be cited as (Smith 8).

 

Reference List

See above for the basics on how to format citations in your Chicago-style bibliography.

For complete information on Chicago formatting and citation, including a sample paper, visit the Purdue OWL's CMOS Formatting and Style Guide.

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